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1. What Sign Should You Be With?

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"The Application of the Techniques in Teaching Grammar"

Dynamic Equivalent Translation

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

 In any account of Interlingual communication, translation is used as a generic term. Professionally, however, the term translation is confined to the written, and the term interpretation to the spoken (Newmark, 1991: 35). If confined to a written language, translation is a cover term with three distinguishable meanings: 1. Translating, the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object), 2. A translation: the product of the process of translating (e.g. the translated text), and 3. translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process Bell (1991: 13). The term 'translation' used and discussed throughout this paper is confined to the written language, and refers to both the product and process of translating.

Translational equivalence is the similarity between a word and expression in one language and its translation in another. This similarity results from overlapping ranges of reference. A translation equivalent is a corresponding word or expression in another language.

The definition of translation suggested above imply that producing the same meaning or message in the target language text as intended by the original author is the main objective of a translator. This notion of 'sameness' is often understood as an equivalence relation between the source and target texts. This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Translational equivalence is the similarity between a word or expression in one language and its translation in another. This similarity results from overlapping ranges of reference. A translation equivalent is a corresponding word or expression in another language. This notion of 'sameness' is often understood as an equivalence relation between the source and target texts. This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation.

In the process of translation these levels of language appear to be equivalence levels between source language and target language. For example, if there is a word in the Source Language (SL), it must be translated into Target Language (TL) at the word level usually. Accordingly, translation is the matter of establishing equivalence between SL and TL.

Translation and interpretation also need the ability to accurately express th e information into the target language. Word per word translation is neither accurate nor desireable. A good translator/ interpreter knows how to express the source text well, so it will sound natural in its target language.

In translation we have two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalent 'focuses attention on the message itself, in both of ots form and content', unlike dynamic equivalent which is based upon 'the principle of equivalent effect'. Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. If the translation proces is not similar with those two types the tranlation might be categorized as a non equivalence translation.

Dynamic equivalence is a translating way by translating the source language into the target language without too concern on its grammtical structures between the source language and target language. Even though its grammatical structures are different the meaning, content and message of the source text are similar with the target text. Dynamic equivalence translation usually sounds more dynamic rather than the formal translating way. In this way, the translator has the rights to translate the text to make it sounds good and nice as long the meaning and message of the translation is not become different.

The examples below are dynamic equivalence translation examples.

Example 1

Source Language

Di Kedai Men Negara

Di pinggir jalan kecil yang berkelok – kelok, diantara kebun – kebun kelapa menuju ke Bingin Banjah. Desa yang belum dapat disebut desa benar, hanya sekumpulan rumah – rumah orang tani saja, adalah sebuah kedai. Orang yang mula – mula datang kesitu tidaklah akan menyangka, bahwa rumah itu sebuah kedai, apa lagi letaknya tidak di pinggir jalan benar, melainkan dalam perkebunan yang berpagar. Akan masuk kesitu mesti melalui sebuah pintu bambu dahulu. (1995:9)

Target Language

At Men Negara’s Food Stall

Off to the side of the narrow road that twisted through coconut groves on the way to the village of Bingin Banjah was a hut. A newcomer to the village – if Bingin Banjah could be called a village, for it was little more than a cluster of peasants’ homes – might be forgiven for not knowing that the hut was in fact a food stall. After all, the stall was not even directly on the side of the road, but at some distance and within a fenced – in piece of ground which had a bamboo gate to mark its entrance. (1998:19)

                   *  The first example is a Dynamic Equivalent example.

Because after discussing it we think the source language and text language are have a similar meaning, and the words of that paragraph didn’t give a focus to the grammar like in formal equivalence. So, it is a Dynamic Equivalent paragraph.

Example 2

Source Language

Jalan kecil itu adalah jalan desa saja, tidak dipelihara dengan saksama sebagai jalan raya di tepi kebun – kebun sebelah utara yang beralas dengan batu dan dikeraskan. (1995:9)

The Target Language

The road through Bingin Banjah was no more than track, a neglected country track, not at all like a compacted , graveled, carefully maintained highway that skirted the plantations to the north. (1998:19)

                     *     The second example is a Dynamic Equivalent sentence.

Because it has a different words order (grammatical and structure) but in spite of that it has a similar meaning (the message are still the same) between source text and target text language, even though some words in this sentence are didn’t translated.

Example 3

Source Language

Jalan kecil itu ramailah jika orang desa turun bekerja rodi atau datang bekerja ke balai desa di Kampung Bunut Panggang, sebuah kampung yang terletak di pinggir jalan  raya dan penduduknya beragama Islam. (1995:9)

Target Language

Occasionally it was crowded, as when men and woman were marshaled by the village to do some collective task, or a throng of people passed a long it on their way to an assembly at Bunut Panggang, the Muslim village on the main highway. (1998:19)

             *   The third example is an Equivalent sentence.

Because it has similar meaning between the source language and its target language.

We can call it by dynamic equivalence, because not all of the word is translated. The translator just make it same with the source language but didn’t focus to the formal sentence.

Example 4

Source Language

Tatkala pelita telah terpasang, minta dirilah pemuda empat orang itu pulang ke rumah masing-masing. Sekaliannya telah membayar harga makanannya tetapi seorang pun tidak memperlihatkan kepada seorang. (1995:21)

Target Language

The lamps were lit. The four young men took their leave and went home. Before departing each paid his own bill, taking elaborate care to ensure that none of his companions saw how much he paid. (1998:30)

Ø   Example 4 becomes to be a dynamic equivalence because both of them just has a same meaning (the content are similar each other).

Example 5

Source Language

Dengan pandang yang berartiI Gerundung minta diri, karena ia hendak pulang juga. Pintu pagar ditutup;malam itu pikiran Men Negara penuh dengan cita-cita, dan tidurnya pun amat nyenyak. (1995:21)

Target Language

That night Men Negara’s mind was alive with hopes and plans as she fell into a deep sleep. (1998:31)

Ø   Example 5 is also a dynamic translation. Its target text has a different grammatical structures, but totally the meaning are just the same.

Example 6

Source Language

Menteri polisi itu berpaling kepada I Gerundung yang duduk di tanah, seraya bertanya dengan bengis, “Hai engkau mengaku memotong babi itu dengan tidak bersurat keterangan, bukan?” (1995:26)

Target Language

He looked at I Gerundung who was squatting on the ground. “You killed that pig without a permit, didn’t you? Admit it!” (1998:36)

Ø   The sixth example is so clear that it is a dynamic equivalence one. The source language is almost same with its target meaning even though grammatically different but similar.

Example 7

Source Language

“Aku tidak mau minum di kedai orang yang melanggar aturan,” jawab I Gusti Made Tusan dengan geramnya. (1995:26)

Target Language

I Gusti Made Tusan snarkled at her: “I won’t set foot in the place of anyone who violates government regulations!” (1998:36)

Ø   This example is a bit different on its target actually. But however if we read the story from the beginning we will be able to catch well the meaning. In spite of this this translation is equivalent.

Example 8

Source Language

Beberapa bulan telah lalu. Kehidupan orang di Bingin Banjah masih sebagai biasa, tiada berubah. Kedua kedai disitu tetap bersaingan juga, bahkan lebih keras lagi persaingannya. (1995:68)

Target Language

Several moths passed. Life in Bingin Banjah was as it always had been; nothing seemed to have changed, except perhaps that Men Negara and Pan Gara were competing even more fiercely than before. (1998:78)

Ø   The example above tells us about brief description of Bingin Banjah village. Even they are different grammatically, but both give alike information on their own ways. And they’re equivalent.

Example 9

Source Language

Chatterjee bimbang. Jika ditunggunya Ida Gde di Singaraja, sia-sialah perjalanannya ke Pulau Bali yang jauh itu. Akan kosonglah halaman surat kabar “Perkumpulan Seni Calcuta,” karena kelalaiannya itu. (1995:81)

Target Language

Chatterjee didn’t know what to do. If he stayed with Ida Gde in Singaraja he would miss the spectacle that had brought him to Bali and, with that, fail to produce the story he was expected to write for the journal of the Calcuta Arts Association. (1998:91)

Ø   Both of the passages tell about the wellfare between Chatterjee and Ida Gde Swamba in Singaraja. They are similar each other and still sounds dynamic even the target language hasn’t a same grammar.

Example 10

Source Language

Esok harinya ia telah bercampur pula dengan tuan Chatterjee di hotel “Denpasar”. Tuan itu amat senang hatinya, karena telah bertemu pula dengan kanalannya yang pintar dan berbudi itu. Dari situ keduanya pun berangkat ke Karangasem akan menyaksikan “pelebuan” yang hebat itu. (1995:85)

Target Language

A few hours later he left for Denpasar and the following day met up again with Mr. Chatterjee at Hotel Denpasar. Chatterjee was delighted to see his cultivated Balinese friend again. From Denpasar they set off together for Karangasem to become the spectators at the imposing spectacle of the royal cremation ceremony. (1998:95)

Ø   This last example is can be categorized equivalent each other. A bit different but that just writer’s art on translating. Grammatically different, but at last of it the content/ message can be delivered well in it’s understandable and sounds they’re equivalent.

2.1. Problems of Equivalence

The principle that a translation should have an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic. There are three main reasons why an exact equivalence or effect is difficult to achieve. Firstly, it is impossible for a text to have constant interpretations even for the same person on two occasions (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14). Before one could objectively assess textual effects, one would need to have recourse to a fairly detailed and exact theory of psychological effect, a theory capable, among other things, of giving an account of the aesthetic sensations that are often paramount in response to a text (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14).

Secondly, translation is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source language text. Thus, producing an objective effect on the target text readers, which is the same as that on the source text readers is an unrealistic expectation.

Thirdly, it may not be possible for translators to determine how audiences responded to the source text when it was first produced (ibid, p. 14). No translator would hinder the reader’s comprehensionby using an absolute expression in order to achieve equivalent effect Miao,2000:202).

2.2. Strategies to Solve The Equivalence Problems

As has been mentioned above, problems of equivalence occur at various levels, ranging from word to textual level. The equivalence problems emerge due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meanings that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the meaning(s) of a word can only be understood through its context of use.

Due to semantic, socio-cultural, grammatical differences between the source language and the target language, loss and addition of information in translation cannot be avoided. Basnett-McGuire (1991) states that once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist between the two languages, it is possible to approach the question of loss and gain in the translation process. Bell (1991: 6) suggests a similar point that 'something' is always lost or, one might suggest, gained in the process, and according to Nida (1975), "all types of translation involve 1) loss of information, 2) addition of information, and /or 3) skewing of information". To conform to the stylistic demands and grammatical conventions of the target language, structural adjustment in translation is inevitably needed.

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

 Studying the principles of correspondence, translation equivalence is such an important thing to us. By knowing and understand it we could do the translating well. Generally, all translators cope with finding equivalence in order to convey the translation units better. During this study and finding, any translation scholar contemplates about the possible factors which appear to affect it. Some scholars define a borderline between the equivalence which is related to form and the equivalence that is relevant to meaning, however, all of them have something in common that is the approval of some problems which impede finding equivalence.

There are two kinds of equivalence. They are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence. Dynamic equivalence is concern on the meaning or message of its source language. The grammatical and structure may be different along its content or message are still same. While formal equivalence is more emphasized on its grammatical structure and of course the meaning or message are exactly same.

Baker (1992) classifies various problems of equivalence in translation and suggests some strategies to deal with them. Adopting a bottom-up approach, she begins with simple words and phrases and continues with grammatical, textual and pragmatic equivalences. Problems of equivalence occur at various levels, ranging from word to textual level. The equivalence problems emerge due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meaning(s) that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the meanings of a word can only be understood through its context of use.

                              REFERENCES

Quinn,George.1998.The Rape of Sukreni.Jakarta:Balai Pustaka.

Tisna, A.A.Pandji.1995.Sukreni Badis Bali.Jakarta:Balai Pustaka.

http://www.google.com

http://englishtranslation.blogspot.com

Plant Division – How to Make a New Plant from a Cutting

 

Many people do not know that it is possible to cut a tip from a plant, place it in the ground and then grow a new plant, from the original. Raising your own plants from cuttings can be an interesting hobby, or a way of providing extra plants for your garden or for giving to friends. Successful propagation depends on knowing the best type of wood to take, and providing the right environmental conditions while the cuttings strike. Types of stem cuttings generally used for propagating plants are softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood, but you can also make leaf cuttings and root cuttings.

Here we will focus on softwood cuttings, as these are generally the easiest to make. It is harder to grow cuttings from old woody growth. Softwood cuttings are taken from new growth stems (not yet woody) and are generally the easiest to root. If you try growing from a cutting you should try with ten or more, because it is not always successful, especially if you have never done this before. You can grow many plants from a cutting, but the new plant will still be the same age as the original, and will have the same genetic material as the parent plant.

The easiest plants to experiment with are herbs such as Rosemary and Lavender, or you might also like to try with Aster, Azalea, Camellia, Chrysanthemum, Dianthus, Gardenia, Geraniums, Hydrangea, Roses and the Jade plant. Not all plants will grow from a cutting, but you might surprise yourself with what you can achieve.

So how to do it? Choose plants that are healthy and strong, and water them well the day before. Take cuttings early in the morning, when the plant is full of sap. Take a growing tip and cut it off the plant at a length of about 10 - 15cm. You will need sharp secateurs, scissors or a knife to ensure that clean healthy cuts are made. If you can’t directly transplant, put the cut stems in a vase or bucket of water to keep them fresh.

Ideally you should transplant the cutting to soil as soon as possible, before it has begun to wilt. Before you transplant first you need to cut off the leaves two-thirds the way up the stem, so that you are left with the top few leaves. Also remove any new succulent tips at the top, flowers or buds. If you leave too much foliage there will be excessive evaporation, and your cutting may dry out and die. I have demonstrated this with the preparation of Rosemary and Lavender cuttings.

At the base of your cutting is where the new roots will grow. You should trim the base at a 45 degree angle, so that the surface area is increased, and even notch a small piece out of the stem, above this cut. This will allow for more water and nutrient uptake, and make it much easier for roots to develop on your new cutting. I have illustrated this with a Frangipani cutting as it is larger and therefore easier to see.

Now you are ready to plant. For best results I use a mix of 2/3 potting mix, 1/3 river sand, but I also have produced good results in normal potting mix. Your growing mixture should be free of weeds and needs to be porous and drain freely, whilst still holding moisture. Avoid mixes that contain manure or fertilizer. When you plant, make sure about 1/3 of the cutting is under the soil line, and firm the mix to hold it upright. Leave at least 5 cm of space between planted cuttings so that you can easily remove them when they are ready. Cuttings are generally easier to make from a shrub, but if you would like to try a tree, the Frangipani is easy, and can be placed in a pot or directly into the garden. Try with a 40 cm length growing tip as in the picture, and choose a stem that has no buds or flowers.

Always keep the soil moist. It is best to water with a gentle spray bottle daily. The success in striking your cuttings depends on the climate you provide for them. High humidity is needed to prevent them from losing moisture, and never let the soil become dry. Place them indoors in a bright room, with diffused light or in a shady area of the garden. Most cuttings strike best at a cooler temperature, so always shade them from direct sun, as this will cause stress and they will most likely die. They need to be out of the direct sun but not in deep shade. After a few weeks you may gradually introduce them to direct sunlight as root growth begins.

Most plants won’t propagate from leaves, but some plants will. Succulents such as Sanseviera are easy to do this with. Simply cut the leaf about 10 cm from the top, with a straight line cut. Then with the resulting leaf cutting, place the bottom third under the soil line.

For greater success, professional gardeners use hormone rooting powder, which is used on the cutting base as an aid to set roots. This is generally not necessary, if you would like to try cuttings from herbs or other common plants.

So how do you know that the cutting has set root and ready to be transplanted to its own pot or position in the garden? Well some people use many cuttings and pull one out to check if they have roots. This is not always a true test, because if you make 10 cuttings they could all be at different stages of the rooting process. I prefer to wait until I see significant growth from an individual cutting, or you can lightly tug at the stem, and if it stands firm then I know the roots have set. Another method is to turn the pot over and check for roots growing near the drainage holes. Be patient, as you may not see any growth for 2 months, and the cutting will look just how you planted it for at least a few weeks. Certain plants can even take 12 months to set. As long as the leaves are hanging on, then there’s life and there’s hope.

Always try with 5 or more cuttings so that way, even if you only have a 20% success rate you will still have a plant at the end of it all! When they are ready, transplant individual cuttings to a pot or the desired area of your garden. Avoid moving the cuttings too early. Growing plants from cutting is quite fun and rewarding, it is akin to making your own scientific experiment, and once you become good at it you will be amazed at the new plants that you can accumulate from your own, and other people’s gardens. Last but not least, have a great division people!